revolution and enlightenment

In Chap 16 I thought the telescope build in the senventeeth century by Johannes Kepler was interesting because he observed sunspots, or blemishes, move across the face of the sun. It's incredible how in does days someone was that smart to create a telescope and was questioning him self about the world and the things around him.

Religion and science

In this chapter it mainly focuses on the globalization of Christianity and also the start of the Protestant Reformation which began in 1517. Christianity was limited to Europe in the beginning of the early modern era. But as years went by during the fifteen hundreds it started spreading to Spain and England in the wet to Russia in the east, with small communities in Egypt, Ethiopia, southern India, and lastly Central Asia. Christianity was seen as the center of trouble for these countries but following christianity came along the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation began when Martin Luther declared a debate about abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by posting up a document, know as Ninety-five theses on the door of a church. This document wasn't really knew to anybody because people were already aware of the corruption of clergy men and church life during the time. Martin Luther's protest became revolutionary during the time but it did lead a challenge for the church authority which questioned the postion of a clergy and also the pope. This protest not only challenged the Catholic church but also the world of Catholic Christendom especially because it created tensions politically, economically, and lastly religious differences. Overall, Christianity motivated Europe politically and economically by expanding and became beneficial for them too. Christianity became a religion which many countries around the world somehow had to adapt too even through the revolutionary problems that occurred.

Early Modern Commerce in products

This chapter mainly focuses on the different trade routes that were being used throughout the world by different continents, trading their resources from one country to another. Commerce came along for the empires and became a big movement for globalization. Commerce between countries allowed new relationships to occur among the people, enriched some, disrupted old patterns empires had, and some countries even enslaved people. Vasco de Gama and his Portugese successors sailed the arena of Indian Ocean commerce, the portuguese believed that trading would be peaceful and valuable between other countries but the reality was that the European trade goods were raw and unattractive in Asian markets. As we can see Vasco de Gama and his followers didn't care the situation they were going to put themselves while looking for the right trade routes,  as long as they were in search of trading what they had that's all they would care about especially because for them it was an experience going on a journey and were brave enough to do it.  The most important trading source that became very significant was trading silver especially because it gave birth to a global network of exchange. Spanish america produced about 85% of the world's silver during the modern era, I found this very interesting. Overall, the idea of this chapter is how commerce worked within the countries during the time

Empires and Ecounters

Throughout the first reading of the chapter i learn about the expansion of both the Russian and Asian empires while expanding in the Americas as well. In the first sentences of the chapter i learn that the European empires in the Americas were never left alone they always had someone to defend them. Russians were known as empires that constructed the world's largest territorial empire, which made Russia an Asian and gaining European power. The Quin dynasty went deep into Inner Asia, while it helped the country double its size. Meanwhile, millions of non-Chinese people were being brought into China practicing religion throughout the country such as Islam, Buddhism, and animistic religions. On the other hand the Mughal empire brought the Hindus and Muslims to a closer relationship than what they had before even though there were good and bad issues between the two. The Ottomon empire put together the political unity of Islam and gave them the opportunity to obtain military and religious threats. Overall, throughout this chapter we are able to see the European expansion, although everything wasn't as smooth as it could have been for the Europeans and empires.